| World Journal of Nephrology and Urology, ISSN 1927-1239 print, 1927-1247 online, Open Access |
| Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, World J Nephrol Urol and Elmer Press Inc |
| Journal website http://www.wjnu.org |
Original Article
Volume 1, Number 2-3, June 2012, pages 59-65
Snake Bite Induced Acute Renal Failure: A Study of Clinical Profile and Predictors of Poor Outcome
Tables
| Time of Snake Bite | No. of Patients(n = 57) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6 am - 2 pm | 23 (40.3%) |
| 2 | 2 pm - 10 pm | 28 (49.1%) |
| 3 | 10 pm - 6 am | 06 (10.5%) |
| Time Lag | No. of patients (n = 57) | |
| 1 | 0 - 12 hrs | 16 (28.07%) |
| 2 | 12 - 24 hrs | 13 (22.8%) |
| 3 | 24 - 48 hrs | 11 (19.2%) |
| 4 | > 48 hrs | 17 (29.8%) |
| Site | No. of Patients (n = 57) | |
| 1 | Right upper limb | 10 (17.5%) |
| 2 | Left upper limb | 4 (7.01%) |
| 3 | Right lower limb | 19 (33.3%) |
| 4 | Left lower limb | 24 (42.1%) |
| 5 | Others | 00 |
| Symptomatology | No. of patients |
|---|---|
| 1. Local swelling | 57 (100%) |
| 2. Hematuria | 17 (29.8%) |
| 3. Oliguria | 48 (84.2%) |
| 4. Edema-Edema feet/ puffiness of face/Anasarca | 19 (33.3%) |
| 5. Breathlessness | 14 (24.5%) |
| 6. Ptosis | 4 (7.01%) |
| 7. Altered sensorium | 15 (26.3%) |
| 8. Nausea / Vomiting | 11 (19.2%) |
| 9. Fever | 5 (8.7%) |
| 10. Bleeding manifestations | 13 (22.8%) |
| Clinical signs | No. of Patients |
| 1. Fever | 5 (8.7%) |
| 2. Tachycardia | 21 (36.8%) |
| 3. Respiratory distress | 14 (24.5%) |
| 4. Hypotension | 11 (19.2%) |
| 5. Edema | 19 (33.3%) |
| 6. Flapping Tremors | 9 (15.7%) |
| 7. Subconjunctival Bleeding | 5 (8.7%) |
| 8. Rash | 3 (5.2%) |
| 9. Pericardial Rub | 3 (5.2%) |
| 10. Crepitations | 12 (21.05%) |
| 11. Altered sensorium | 15 (26.3%) |
| 12. Extensor planters | 15 (26.3%) |
| Dialysis | Outcome | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Discharge | Death | ||
| HD: Haemodialysis; PD: Peritoneal Dialysis | |||
| HD | 13 | 1 | 14 |
| PD | 27 | 16 | 43 |
| Total | 40 | 17 | 57 |
| Parameter | Group A Discharge (n = 40) | Group B Death (n = 17) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Extensive cellulitis | 24 | 9 | 0.621 |
| 2. Coagulopathy | 14 | 13 | 0.004 |
| 3. Uremic Encephalopathy | 5 | 8 | 0.004 |
| 4. Hyperkalemia | 4 | 5 | 0.066 |
| 5. Peritoneal Dialysis | 27 | 16 | 0.033 |
| 6. Haemodialysis | 13 | 1 |