World J Nephrol Urol

World Journal of Nephrology and Urology, ISSN 1927-1239 print, 1927-1247 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, World J Nephrol Urol and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.wjnu.org

Original Article

Volume 4, Number 3, September 2015, pages 227-231

Adenocarcinoma of the Urinary Bladder in Egypt: Potential Risk Factors

**Table 1.** Sociodemographic Characteristics of Adenocarcinoma Cases and Controls in Egypt Stratified by Gender
Variable	Men	Women
¹Urinary tract infection other than schistosomiasis. ²Pack-years (product of the number of daily packs by the number of smoking years) of cigarettes. ³P = 0.1 using T test. ⁴Environmental tobacco smoke among never smokers only.
Age, mean (SD) years	58.5 (11.9)	55.3 (9.8)	54.5 (13.0)	54.2 (11.3)
Age group, n (%)
≤ 45	399 (13.8)	13 (18.6)	224 (26.2)	10 (32.3)
45 - 55	762 (26.4)	27 (38.6)	229 (26.8)	6 (19.3)
55 - 65	935 (32.5)	21 (30.0)	252 (29.5)	11 (35.5)
> 65	786 (27.3)	9 (12.8)	150 (17.5)	4 (12.9)
Residence, n (%)
Urban	256 (8.9)	7 (10.0)	110 (12.9)	3 (9.7)
Rural	2,625 (91.1)	63 (90.0)	745 (87.1)	28 (90.3)
Missing	1
History of schistosomiasis, n (%)
No	1,347 (46.7)	22 (31.4)	708 (82.8)	18 (58.0)
Yes	1,373 (47.7)	45 (64.3)	98 (11.5)	12 (38.7)
Do not know	162 (5.6)	3 (4.3)	49 (5.7)	1 (3.2)
History of UTI¹ n (%)
No	2,408 (83.6)	50 (71.4)	707 (82.7)	20 (64.5)
Yes	472 (16.4)	20 (28.6)	148 (17.3)	11 (35.5)
Missing	2
Smoking history, n (%)
Never	692 (24.0)	10 (14.3)	841 (98.4)	29 (93.6)
Water pipe only	392 (13.6)	10 (14.3)	11 (1.3)	0
Cigarette only	1,544 (53.6)	36 (51.4)	3 (0.3)	1 (3.2)
Both	254 (8.8)	14 (20.0)	0	1 (3.2)
Among cigarette smokers only
Never n (%)	692 (31.0)	10 (21.7)
Former	483 (21.6)	12 (26.1)
Current	1,059 (47.4)	24 (52.2)
Mean pack-years² (SD)	32.8 (18.5)	27.8 (16.5)³
≤ 20 pack-years, n (%)	432 (28.9)	14 (38.9)
> 20 pack-years	1,065 (71.1)	22 (61.1)
ETS⁴ exposure, n (%)
No	297 (42.9)	2 (20.0)	804 (95.6)	28 (96.5)
Yes	395 (57.1)	8 (80.0)	37 (4.4)	1 (3.5)
Missing			14	2

Table 1. Sociodemographic Characteristics of Adenocarcinoma Cases and Controls in Egypt Stratified by Gender

Variable

Men

Women

Controls (N = 2,882)

Cases (N = 70)

Controls (N = 855)

Cases (N = 31)

¹Urinary tract infection other than schistosomiasis. ²Pack-years (product of the number of daily packs by the number of smoking years) of cigarettes. ³P = 0.1 using T test. ⁴Environmental tobacco smoke among never smokers only.

Age, mean (SD) years

58.5 (11.9)

55.3 (9.8)

54.5 (13.0)

54.2 (11.3)

Age group, n (%)

≤ 45

399 (13.8)

13 (18.6)

224 (26.2)

10 (32.3)

45 - 55

762 (26.4)

27 (38.6)

229 (26.8)

6 (19.3)

55 - 65

935 (32.5)

21 (30.0)

252 (29.5)

11 (35.5)

> 65

786 (27.3)

9 (12.8)

150 (17.5)

4 (12.9)

Residence, n (%)

Urban

256 (8.9)

7 (10.0)

110 (12.9)

3 (9.7)

Rural

2,625 (91.1)

63 (90.0)

745 (87.1)

28 (90.3)

Missing

History of schistosomiasis, n (%)

1,347 (46.7)

22 (31.4)

708 (82.8)

18 (58.0)

Yes

1,373 (47.7)

45 (64.3)

98 (11.5)

12 (38.7)

Do not know

162 (5.6)

3 (4.3)

49 (5.7)

1 (3.2)

History of UTI¹ n (%)

2,408 (83.6)

50 (71.4)

707 (82.7)

20 (64.5)

Yes

472 (16.4)

20 (28.6)

148 (17.3)

11 (35.5)

Missing

Smoking history, n (%)

Never

692 (24.0)

10 (14.3)

841 (98.4)

29 (93.6)

Water pipe only

392 (13.6)

10 (14.3)

11 (1.3)

Cigarette only

1,544 (53.6)

36 (51.4)

3 (0.3)

1 (3.2)

Both

254 (8.8)

14 (20.0)

1 (3.2)

Among cigarette smokers only

Never n (%)

692 (31.0)

10 (21.7)

Former

483 (21.6)

12 (26.1)

Current

1,059 (47.4)

24 (52.2)

Mean pack-years² (SD)

32.8 (18.5)

27.8 (16.5)³

≤ 20 pack-years, n (%)

432 (28.9)

14 (38.9)

> 20 pack-years

1,065 (71.1)

22 (61.1)

ETS⁴ exposure, n (%)

297 (42.9)

2 (20.0)

804 (95.6)

28 (96.5)

Yes

395 (57.1)

8 (80.0)

37 (4.4)

1 (3.5)

Missing

**Table 2.** Associations Between Adenocarcinoma of the Urinary Bladder and History of Schistosomiasis and Other Urinary Tract Infection Among Egyptian Men and Women
Variable	Adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval)
In addition to the variables listed, the regression models included age for both men and women and smoking for men only.
Schistosomiasis
No	Reference	Reference
Yes	1.77 (1.05 - 2.98)	4.58 (2.13 - 9.86)
Urinary tract infection
No	Reference	Reference
Yes	1.66 (0.95 - 2.91)	2.48 (1.13 - 5.43)

Table 2. Associations Between Adenocarcinoma of the Urinary Bladder and History of Schistosomiasis and Other Urinary Tract Infection Among Egyptian Men and Women

Variable

Adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval)

Men

Women

In addition to the variables listed, the regression models included age for both men and women and smoking for men only.

Schistosomiasis

Reference

Yes

1.77 (1.05 - 2.98)

4.58 (2.13 - 9.86)

Urinary tract infection

Reference

Yes

1.66 (0.95 - 2.91)

2.48 (1.13 - 5.43)

**Table 3.** Associations Between Adenocarcinoma of the Urinary Bladder and Smoking Among Men in Egypt
Smoking variable	Adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval)
¹Adjusted for age, history of schistosomiasis and urinary tract infection.
None	Reference
Water pipe only	1.97 (0.79 - 4.91)¹
Cigarette only	1.78 (0.85 - 3.75)
Both	3.34 (1.38 - 8.09)
Smoking cigarettes only
None	Reference
≤ 20 pack-years	2.28 (0.96 - 5.43)
> 20 pack-years	1.72 (0.78 - 3.81)
Smoking cigarettes only
None	Reference
Former	1.67 (0.77 - 3.65)
Current	1.95 (0.79 - 4.77)

Table 3. Associations Between Adenocarcinoma of the Urinary Bladder and Smoking Among Men in Egypt

Smoking variable

Adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval)

¹Adjusted for age, history of schistosomiasis and urinary tract infection.

None

Reference

Water pipe only

1.97 (0.79 - 4.91)¹

Cigarette only

1.78 (0.85 - 3.75)

Both

3.34 (1.38 - 8.09)

Smoking cigarettes only

None

Reference

≤ 20 pack-years

2.28 (0.96 - 5.43)

> 20 pack-years

1.72 (0.78 - 3.81)

Smoking cigarettes only

None

Reference

Former

1.67 (0.77 - 3.65)

Current

1.95 (0.79 - 4.77)