World Journal of Nephrology and Urology, ISSN 1927-1239 print, 1927-1247 online, Open Access
Article copyright, World Kidney Day 2019 Steering Committee
Journal website http://www.wjnu.org

Editorial

Volume 8, Number 1, March 2019, pages 1-7


Burden, Access, and Disparities in Kidney Disease

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1. Health care services for identification and management of chronic kidney disease by country income level. (a) Primary care (i.e., basic health facilities at community levels (e.g., clinics, dispensaries, and small local hospitals)). (b) Secondary/specialty care (i.e., health facilities at a level higher than primary care (e.g., clinics, hospitals, and academic centers)). eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1C: glycated hemoglobin; UACR: urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio; UPCR: urine protein-to-creatinine ratio. Data from Bello et al [4] and Htay et al [42].
Figure 2.
Figure 2. Nephrologist availability (density per million population) compared with physician, nursing, and pharmaceutical personnel availability by country income level. Pharmaceutical personnel include pharmacists, pharmaceutical assistants, and pharmaceutical technicians. Nursing and midwifery personnel include professional nurses, professional midwives, auxiliary nurses, auxiliary midwives, enrolled nurses, enrolled midwives, and related occupations such as dental nurses. A logarithmic scale was used for the x-axis (log(x+1)) because of the large range in provider density. Data from Bello et al [4], Osman et al [43], and the World Health Organization (for pharmaceutical personnel: http://apps.who.int/gho/data/view.main.PHARMS and http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main-amro.HWF?lang=en, for nursing and midwifery personnel: http://apps.who.int/gho/data/view.main.NURSES, for physicians: http://apps.who.int/gho/data/view.main.92000) [44].

Table

Table 1. World Bank Country Group Chronic Kidney Disease Gaps
 
CKD careLow-income countries (%)Lower-middle-income countries (%)Upper middle-income countries (%)High-income countries (%)
CKD: chronic kidney disease. Data from Bello et al [4].
Governmental recognition of CKD as a health priority59501729
Government funds all aspects of CKD care13214053
Availability of CKD management and referral guidelines (international, national, or regional)46738397
Existence of current CKD detection programs6242432
Availability of dialysis registries24487289
Availability of academic centers for renal clinical trial management12346263